instructional Design & Technology
IDT Learning Theories
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Learning can be understood, explained, and predicted entirely on the basis on observable events--namely, the behavior of the learner along with its environmental antecedents and consequences (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018).
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Knowledge is represented in long-term memory through schemas which organize information in categories that are related in systematic and predictable ways.
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The construction of new understanding and knowledge through experience and social interaction and integrating new knowledge with what is already known.
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Learning results in the ongoing development of a richer, neural tapestry.
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Learning is a natural desire with the ultimate goal of achieving self-actualization. Individuals function under needs that begin from those basic physiological needs of survival and culminate at self-actualization, which rests at the pinnacle of this hierarchy. All humans strive for self-actualization, which refers to a state wherein one feels that all their emotional, physical, and cognitive needs have been fulfilled. Humanistic learning theory emphasizes the freedom and autonomy of learners. It connects the ability to learn with the fulfillment of other needs (building on Maslow's hierarchy) and the perceived utility of the knowledge by the learner.
Reflection
Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and connectivism are all learning theories that have been used in instructional design and technology. Behaviorism focuses on the observable behaviors of learners and how they can be changed through reinforcement and punishment. Cognitivism focuses on the mental processes of learners and how they use information to make decisions and solve problems. Constructivism focuses on the active construction of knowledge by learners and how they use prior knowledge and experience to create new understanding. Connectivism focuses on the use of networks and connections to facilitate learning. Each of these learning theories has its own significance in instructional design and technology. Behaviorism is useful for teaching basic skills and behaviors, such as following directions or completing a task. Cognitivism is useful for teaching problem-solving and critical thinking skills. Constructivism is useful for teaching complex concepts and helping learners make connections between ideas. Connectivism is useful for teaching in a digital environment and helping learners make connections between people, ideas, and resources. These learning theories provide a framework for understanding how learners interact with instructional materials and how they can be best supported in their learning. By understanding the different theories, instructional designers and technology specialists can create more effective learning experiences for their learners.